The spirit that led the lectures was essentially that of the new educational (or progressive) thinking linked to the IBE: the expansion of educational opportunities and the promotion of greater child-centred pedagogy. The recommendations were not formal and purely consultative and it was accepted that countries would adapt them to their individual realities. Their usefulness to participants (generally ministries of education) was probably in the broad end of their international support for a policy that most countries wanted to pursue anyway. It is significant that most of the recommendations relate to the organizational and administrative aspects of education, not their content, which would have been politically more difficult to manage. In rare cases, such as Ethiopia and the Qing Dynasty in China, local governments have been able to use treaties to at least mitigate the effects of European colonization. These included learning the intricacies of European diplomatic customs and using treaties to prevent the power from overstepping its agreement or opposing different powers. [Citation required] A multilateral agreement is reached between several countries, which establishes rights and obligations between each party and each other party. [9] Multilateral treaties may be regional or involve states from around the world. [10] “Mutual guarantee” treaties are international pacts, for example. B the Treaty of Locarno, which guarantees each signatory the attack of another. [9] A party`s consent to a contract is not valid if it was issued by an agent or entity without the power to do so in accordance with the national laws of that state.
States are reluctant to investigate the internal affairs and processes of other states and, therefore, a “clear violation” is necessary, so it “would be objectively obvious to any state dealing with the issue.” At the international level, there is a strong presumption that a head of state has acted within his own authority. It seems that no contract has ever really been cancelled. [Citation required] The Tribunal found that treaties are subject to constitutional control and occupy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinrias, or “ordinary laws” in Portuguese). A recent ruling by Brazil`s Supreme Court in 2008 changed this situation somewhat by finding that treaties containing human rights provisions have a higher status than ordinary legislation, subject to the Constitution itself. In addition, the 45th Amendment to the Constitution provides for human rights treaties, approved by Congress as part of a specific procedure, the same hierarchical position as a constitutional amendment. The hierarchical position of the treaties with regard to national legislation is important for the debate on whether and how the former can cancel and vice versa. The Convention against Discrimination in Education (1960) was the first international treaty on education as such, with the exception of the London Treaty, which created UNESCO. Its main objective was to transform the principle of non-discrimination set out in Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into legal obligations specifically related to education, while taking into account the provisions of Article 26 of the Declaration on the Right to Education and the principle of “equal educational opportunities” as set out in the UNESCO Constitution.